The Interop show grew tremendously over the next twelve years, held annually in a new location around the world. By 1982, there were 24 sites connected, and by 1984 there were 84 sites, providing email connectivity for university computer science and engineering departments around the country. Nelson later popularized the hypertext concept in his book Literary Machines. NLS was subsequently commercially distributed as the "Augment" application by McDonnell Douglas. In 1941, Bush was appointed Director of the newly created Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), established to coordinate weapons development research. One of their most influential projects was the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, established in 1954 by the US Air Force to develop a continental air defence system. Even with the analog computers then available, and that he wouldn't be able to build a working mechanical model and advance the theory of psychoacoustics as he had wished. Baran began an investigation into development of survivable communications networks, the results of which were first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961. ). The original mandate of the office was to extend the research carried out into computerization of air defense by the SAGE program to other military command and control systems.
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